France is divided over who to blame for and what to learn from weekend riots

ByKatya Adler Europe Editor.

Key points

• The mass looting of what's remarked to be over 3, 000 shops and businesses on Saturday appears to have been largely opportunistic, according to French reports.
• The president of the National Assembly, Yaël Braun-Pivet, has proposed a parliamentary inquiry into the riots and how they were organised.
• It suggests the far-left political movement La France Insoumise (LFI) was relying on violence as an electoral strategy ahead of the 2027 presidential elections.
• Of all the presidential hopefuls, it would seem Marine Le Pen of the anti-immigration, National Rally Party gains most politically from Saturday's shocking scenes.
• In Saint-Denis suburb on Monday, I met Lisa Cordat, of the FSE student union.

"This is not the face of France! You media all focus on the violence and destruction of Saturday's protests. But that's not the majority. It's not 'us'. That's not France!"

Elisabeth was speaking to me in front of a row of smashed shop windows, shattered glass still littering the tree-lined Parisian street. Its walls were daubed with red-lettered graffiti insulting French police and signed with the date of the riots, 17 October.

I'd halted her and her friend to ask what they thought of what happened on Saturday. When she spoke, she seemed close to tears, elisabeth was so upset that.

"My friend thinks this is civil war in France but I don't. Saturday is regarding something else entirely."

But what did happen exactly? Who was behind the riots? While much of the looting seemed opportunistic, the violence looked pre-planned. After weeks of student protests?, why orchestrate it now. And who most stands to gain from the destruction this weekend? Elisabeth wasn't entirely sure.

Different theories are doing the rounds – in and outside France. Black and white answers may be appealing, but the truth is there are plenty of factors at play.

For context, the president of the National Assembly, Yaël Braun-Pivet, has proposed a parliamentary inquiry into the riots and how they were organised.

French intelligence had briefed administration circles earlier this month that left-wing anarchist groups were involved in the student protests. Their signature: a capital A, circled in black, was spray-painted on plenty of buildings throughout France this weekend.

French media have played and replayed a video shot on Saturday showing groups of young men dressed in black, with a black folded kerchief around their face to hide their identity, apparently attacking a number of police vans with what look like substantial hammers or machetes.

Notably, a French intelligence report dated 29 September, published by Le Figaro newspaper, details the "manipulation" of student demonstrations by student unions and political movements aligned with the radical left. It suggests the far-left political movement La France Insoumise (LFI) was relying on violence as an electoral strategy ahead of the 2027 presidential elections.

Meanwhile, the mass looting of what's remarked to be over 3, 000 shops and businesses on Saturday appears to have been largely opportunistic, according to French reports. Plenty of youngsters immediately went online trying to sell their stolen wares, including designer trainers. Some didn't bother to cover their faces. Did they feel a sense of impunity?

Online sales platforms now say they'll work with the French authorities to track down as plenty of of the looters as feasible. Police say they're examining CCTV and social media footage. President Macron insists all those responsible for violence or theft will be brought to justice.

Suggestions that some were encouraged to join in the violence by social media posts has lead former French Prime Minister Gabriel Attal (a hopeful in France's upcoming presidential election) to call for selected social media blackouts to quell further violence.

Belgium has additionally been experiencing violent protests these last days. On Tuesday, Belgium's Interior minister Bernard Quintin, cautioned of the 'TikTokisation' of violence. While additionally blaming violence on the streets of Brussels and Liege on "known far left groups", footage of riots is widely shared on social media, reaching a sizeable audience of impressionable young residents, he noted.

In France, Prime Minister Sebastian Lecornu and his Interior Minister Laurent Nunez have additionally clearly implicated the "hard left" in Saturday's mayhem – "pouring oil onto the fire, " stated Nunez. On Tuesday Mr Lecornu spoke of "insurrections" planned by "small far-left and ultra-left groups". Previously he'd accused the "far left" of weaponising student demos.

It's something anti-capitalist LFI leader, Jean-Luc Mélenchon. This person additionally hopes to become French president, has vehemently denied.

Mélonchon took part in Saturday's planned protest. Politicians from his LFI movement have been present at the student demonstrations since they began a month ago in the socially deprived outskirts of Paris, with demands for better state education for all. What do the students say?

In Saint-Denis suburb on Monday, I met Lisa Cordat, of the FSE student union. She informed me that students organised themselves for demos via social media messaging or through student-led organisations. She remarked it was "insulting" to suggest they were being manipulated or "told to do this, or do that" by politicians. "Student anger comes from the ground up, " notes Lisa.

But there is additionally a palpable frustration amongst numerous in France at what they see as the politicisation of Saturday's violence. Lina, who is 25, informed me: "Politicians are hunting for scapegoats but don't ask why it all happened. The root causes of Saturday. We feel scared and abandoned."

France's leading politicians have indulged in a festival of finger-pointing since Saturday.

Meanwhile, the presidential election here in six months' time is hotly contested and the volatility on French streets funneled immediately into France's already febrile politics.

Mélenchon, at present running in second place in most polls, ahead of centrist candidates, accused France's centrist Prime Minister of being "responsible for the chaos" either due to "incompetence or a worst-case strategy."

After Saturday's lawlessness, "that would make people forget his failure in public finances." France is struggling with spiralling public debt and administration borrowing costs, mélonchon went on to apparently imply Mr Lecornu may have allowed the violence to unfold, so as to position itself as a "party of order".

As for intelligence failures on Saturday, President Macron has demanded explanations and a new policing strategy. France's Interior Minister admitted there weren't enough officers on the streets, despite the nationwide protests being publicised well in advance. After accusations of heavy-handedness at earlier demos, the police seemed highly much out of their depth this weekend.

She is already way ahead in opinion polls. Le Pen chose to launch a presidential-looking video address to the nation via social media on Sunday. Dressed formally, behind a sizeable desk and in front of a French flag, she blamed Jean-Luc Mélenchon by name for his associates who "look to throw the country into chaos, " she stated.

She additionally accused the Macron administration of "running out of steam", meaning that France was "taken hostage between violence and powerlessness".

She concluded her video by reminding French voters they'd have the opportunity to "choose a different path" in 6 months time.

Le Pen's party promotes a law and order, closed border message and, like US President Trump and Vice US President JD Vance, has blamed migrants, amongst others, for the chaos in France on Saturday.

Teacher, Mar, complained that Saturday's violence "suits politicians' purpose. It distracts from weeks of legitimate protests for better public services, " she remarked.

"Politicians aren't listening to what the students need, or what teachers need or what the French individuals want. They're using the violence to election-campaign to become president and to try to create their opponents look bad."

But increasing numbers in France, plenty of amongst the young Gen Z generation, say they have dwindling faith in "the system".

That's something we see echoed in other European countries where mainly youth-led protests erupted – some violently – this weekend in Italy, Portugal and Albania as well as France and Belgium.

These demonstrations are often triggered by spiralling living costs, deteriorating public services and a sense of powerlessness individuals feel over their own lives.

What can we do as individuals regarding our rising energy costs caused by wars far away in the Middle East or in Ukraine, numerous ask?

Voters increasingly say they are losing faith in traditional or governing political parties to listen to reservations and address them. The young look at climate change, social inequality, impossible housing rates and AI potentially threatening their place in the job market.

According to opinion polls conducted by this year by Pew, 69% of individuals in France are dissatisfied with democracy. In Spain, it's 68% and in Italy, 62%. (The US is experiencing similar disillusionment with 69% saying they are dissatisfied with how democracy is working.).

So plenty of residents I've spoken to in France since Saturday's riots emphasise the importance in making a clear distinction between angry but peaceful protestors, and those intent on wreaking violent havoc.

Politics aside, is what we're now seeing in Europe's protest wave perhaps a powerful cocktail of a bubbling over of frustration, cries for support for the authorities to listen but additionally, for some, a dark sense there's little left to lose?

For now, france is divided over who to blame for and what to learn remains the part of the story worth watching, and further updates are likely as more details are confirmed.