Ancient tools reveal how Ice Age humans learned the land

Ancient tools reveal how Ice Age humans. Ancient tools reveal how Ice Age humans learned the land.

Key points

• The Cumberland individuals were the second known group of humans living in the region some 12, 000 years ago, at the end of the last Ice Age.
• Clara Turnage is a communications specialist in the University of Mississippi Marketing and Communications department, where she focuses on research writing.
• There really is no difference between Ice Age hunter-gatherers and the individuals sending missions and rovers to Mars.
• At the end of the last Ice Age, early humans crisscrossed the Americas after seasons, rivers and game, often with a trusty spear in hand.
• Tune and Miller discovered that the Clovis groups were more probable to resharpen spearheads, possibly signaling that they were concerned regarding managing their resources.

Jesse Tune, director of the University of Mississippi's Center for Archaeological Research, examines a replica of a Cumberland spear point, one of two types of stone projectiles he and Shane Miller, assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Alabama, studied to gain insights into the lives of ancient inhabitants of the Tennessee River Valley. The Cumberland individuals were the second known group of humans living in the region some 12, 000 years ago, at the end of the last Ice Age. Photo by Kevin Bain/Ole Miss Digital Imaging Services.

Study of projectile points offers clues regarding how knowledge shaped early human behavior.

At the end of the last Ice Age, early humans crisscrossed the Americas after seasons, rivers and game, often with a trusty spear in hand. Almost 13, 000 years afterwards, archeologists are using those spearheads to study how America's first inhabitants understood risk.

Stone projectile points are among the few surviving traces from the Tennessee River Valley's earliest settlers, but the chipped stone weapons can be an indicator of how humans adapted to unfamiliar environments, according to a new study published in the Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory.

We're talking about Ice Age hunter-gatherers, people that looked and acted just like us and had the same needs that we do, remarked Jesse Tune, associate professor of anthropology at the University of Mississippi and director of its Center for Archaeological Research. But they're living in a world that is dominated by mastodons, mammoths, giant sloths – all these animals that are totally unfamiliar to us today.

"What we're looking at – the points – is a tiny part of their life, but we're trying to see the rest of their behaviors through the lens of these spear points because that's what we have."

Tune and Shane Miller, assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Alabama, studied some 500 spear points recovered from the Tennessee River Valley region to glean insights into the lives of the Clovis and Cumberland individuals.

For context, the Clovis individuals are thought to be among the earliest inhabitants of the Tennessee River Valley region, with the earliest evidence of the group being dated to around 13, 200 years ago. Being in a new landscape meant not knowing where to find resources such as chert, a type of sedimentary rock ideal for making weapons.

How did they adapt to a place no one has ever been before? Miller remarked. We can't interview these individuals, so we have to look at the things they left behind.

"There aren't that many archeological sites for these people that we can dig, but what we have instead are lots and lots of points that people have found in this region."

"We hang on to stuff today, but when we're talking about mobile hunter-gatherers, they had a different understanding and worldview when it came to personal possessions, " Tune remarked. "Spear points were designed to be disposable objects, and that makes what the Clovis were doing interesting."

By the time the Cumberland individuals came along a number of hundred years afterwards, they inherited the knowledge of where chert deposits and other resources were located from their predecessors.

When we look at the Cumberland points, we can see where they got the raw material, roughly the time period that they lived and that they've used the point multiple times, the Ole Miss researcher remarked. But (the point) was rarely completely broken to the point that it couldn't be applied anymore.

"So how did it end up in what was essentially the trash, and then in the archeological record?"

Being more knowledgeable of the landscape allowed the Cumberland individuals to discard points that were still useable, evidence that they had learned where to gather new resources and were more comfortable in their surroundings, the researchers stated.

When you think about a people who are moving around a lot, understand that they didn't have any pack animals, Miller remarked. That puts limitations on what tools you discard and what you carry around.

"You really don't want to be carrying around a bag of rocks, and so you're going to be judicious about balancing what you need versus what you can carry."

While the question of what to discard and what to keep from local resources may seem like a difficulty of the past, humans are making the same decisions today, Tune stated.

Think about space exploration, Tune remarked. There really is no difference between Ice Age hunter-gatherers and the individuals sending missions and rovers to Mars. We're moving into an area, deciding what to take with us, learning the resources and gradually expanding. It's the exact same process.

"What we learn and how we pass on that knowledge are the same things that we're still dealing with today. The only thing that's changed is the technology." This article is republished courtesy of Ole Miss. Regarding the Author(s).

Clara Turnage is a communications specialist in the University of Mississippi Marketing and Communications department, where she focuses on research writing. She graduated in 2017 from the University of Mississippi in 2017 with a Bachelor of Arts in journalism. Education Frank Corder September 28, 2026.

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In short, ancient tools reveal how Ice Age humans learned the land is the central thread here, and readers can expect follow-up reporting as the picture becomes clearer.