Why are Hong Kong’s Tiananmen vigil organisers facing prison?

Two prominent Hong Kong activists who supported organise annual vigils commemorating China's deadly 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown have been convicted of inciting subversion under the city's national security law.

Key points

• Lee and Chow were leading members of the now-disbanded, pro-democracy action group Hong Kong Alliance in Backing of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China.
• On June 4, 1989, Chinese troops opened fire on demonstrators after weeks of largely peaceful protests centred around Beijing's Tiananmen Square, calling for political reform.
• In June 2020, Beijing imposed a new national security law in Hong Kong, criminalising secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion with foreign forces.
• The alliance was established in May 1989 as protests calling for political reform in China gathered momentum in Beijing and other cities.
• Under the "one country, two systems" arrangement established when Britain handed the territory back to China in 1997, Hong Kong retained some of the freedoms unavailable on the mainland.

On Friday, Hong Kong's High Court discovered former legislator Lee Cheuk-yan, 69, and lawyer Chow Hang-tung, 41, guilty of what is one of the most serious offences under the sweeping security law imposed by Beijing in 2020.

Meanwhile, the pair, who pleaded not guilty to inciting subversion, have been held in detention since they were charged in September 2021. They face up to 10 years in prison, with sentencing to take place at a afterwards date. A third defendant, veteran activist Albert Ho, 74, pleaded guilty before the trial began.

In practice, the case is among Hong Kong's highest-profile prosecutions under the national security law and has renewed scrutiny of the erosion of political freedoms in the territory as Beijing expands its influence there. Here is what we know. Who are Lee Cheuk-yan and Chow Hang-tung?

Lee and Chow were leading members of the now-disbanded, pro-democracy action group Hong Kong Alliance in Backing of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China. It for decades organised Hong Kong's annual candlelight vigil commemorating those killed in the Tiananmen crackdown.

In practice, the alliance was established in May 1989 as protests calling for political reform in China gathered momentum in Beijing and other cities. Over the after three decades, it campaigned for accountability over the brutal crackdown on protests, the release of political dissidents and democratic reform in China.

While Chow, a barrister, was its vice chairwoman, lee, a former Hong Kong politician and veteran labour activist, served as the alliance's chairman.

Prosecutors accused the alliance and its leaders of inciting others to subvert state power. Central to the case was the organisation's longstanding slogan calling to "end one-party" system in China.

Notably, the court ruled that the slogan sought to instigate hostility towards the Chinese Communist Party and undermine the political system established under China's constitution. Lee and Chow maintained that their political advocacy was peaceful and protected by Hong Kong's guarantees of freedom of expression.

Both were convicted on Friday. Ho, another former alliance leader, had already pleaded guilty to the same charge. What happened to Hong Kong's Tiananmen vigils?

Hong Kong was previously one of the few places under Chinese sovereignty where sizeable public commemorations of the Tiananmen crackdown were permitted.

On June 4, 1989, Chinese troops opened fire on demonstrators after weeks of largely peaceful protests centred around Beijing's Tiananmen Square, calling for political reform. While thousands more were arrested, hundreds – possibly thousands – of individuals were killed.

Public discussion and commemoration of the crackdown have long been heavily censored in mainland China.

Hong Kong was different. Under the "one country, two systems" arrangement established when Britain handed the territory back to China in 1997, Hong Kong retained some of the freedoms unavailable on the mainland.

Every June 4, crowds gathered in the city's Victoria Park for a candlelight vigil commemorating those killed and demanding accountability from Beijing. At their height, the commemorations drew crowds numbering in the tens of thousands.

Meanwhile, the last major vigil organised by the alliance was held in 2019, the 30th anniversary of the crackdown. The authorities banned the gatherings in 2020 and 2021, initially citing COVID-19 restrictions. They have not resumed. What is Hong Kong's national security law?

For context, the vigils ceased just as Hong Kong was undergoing a much broader political transformation after months of mass antigovernment and pro-democracy protests in 2019.

Chinese and Hong Kong authorities remarked the legislation was necessary to restore stability after the 2019 unrest and to ensure rights and freedoms remained protected.

Human rights groups say, nevertheless, its broad provisions have been employed to dismantle much of Hong Kong's organised political opposition and restrict some individual freedoms that once distinguished the territory from mainland China.

Since the law was introduced, leading opposition figures have been prosecuted, political organisations and civil society groups have disbanded, and independent media outlets have closed. Why is this case so controversial?

Rights groups say the prosecution of Lee and Chow in effect criminalises peaceful political advocacy and the commemoration of one of the most tough episodes in modern Chinese history.

Responding to Friday's verdict, Amnesty International Hong Kong Overseas spokesperson Fernando Cheung remarked it demonstrated how the national security law was being applied to "punish people for peacefully remembering" the Tiananmen crackdown.

"For decades, Hong Kong was the only place on Chinese soil where large-scale public remembrance of the Tiananmen crackdown could take place, " Cheung remarked, describing the convictions as another step in what Amnesty states is a campaign to erase its legacy and silence demands for accountability.

Amnesty International Deputy Regional Director Sarah Brooks called Lee and Chow "prisoners of conscience" and remarked they "should never have been prosecuted in the first place", calling for their immediate and unconditional release.

Taken together, the developments around why are Hong Kong's Tiananmen vigil organisers facing prison? Point to a situation that is still moving, and the coming days should bring more clarity.